I love chocolate. (Actually, I have a suspicion that chocolate is one of the triggers for my migraines, so I've liked it less lately, but headaches aside, I still find it delicious.) There are few foods in the world like it. You can put chocolate in cookies, or cake, or ice cream, or muffins. Go to the State Fair in August and you'll discover that chocolate even makes bacon better. Even in its simplest form, one bite of chocolate can make a not-so-good day suddenly seem a little happier.
But chocolate has a dark side. And I'm not talking about Hershey's Special Dark.
Chocolate is made from cocoa beans; you probably already knew that. Cocoa beans grow in hot places; you may have known that, too. Now I'm going to tell you some things you may not have known. The majority of the world's chocolate (I've read estimates between 70 and 90%) is grown in West Africa: Nigeria, Cameroon, Ghana, and Ivory Coast. Major candy companies including
Mars, Hershey, and Nestle (considered the "big three" of candy) are supplied by hundreds of cocoa farms in these countries. Often family owned and passed down for generations, the cocoa farmers earn their living by growing, harvesting, and selling the beans that make our delicious treats. Sounds like a heavenly job, doesn't it? Spending all day in a warm tropical place, surrounded by chocolate?
Now, to understand what I'm going to say next, we have to first understand our economic system. When I go to the store, I see lots of candy bars! I like Twix, but I also like Peanut Butter M&M's. So lets say I go into a drug store to buy some chocolate (its been that kind of day), and the Twix is $1.25, but the M&Ms are only $0.50. I'm probably going to buy the M&Ms. In fact, I'd probably buy those fifty cent drops of goodness even if I wasn't in the market for chocolate at the moment, because lets face it, that's a good deal! But tasty as those treats are, I'd pick something else if they were $3.00, wouldn't I?
How much is chocolate worth to me?Chocolate companies understand that. They are businesses. Big businesses. They understand profit margins, and supply/demand curves, and marketing, and price strategy, and all those other things your economics teacher droned on about while your eyes glazed over. To oversimplify all business strategies into a single sentence - sell the finished product at a price people are willing to pay, while paying as little as possible for the raw goods needed to produce it.
Ok, this takes us back to West Africa, where that "little as possible" becomes a cocoa farmer's gross income. In some area's of Ivory Coast, over half the population derives their income from cocoa production. In an already impoverished country, where there is little government support and no such thing as labor laws, the cocoa farmers have few options but to take what the American company offers them for their crop. After all, the farm has been in the family for generations, and the workers have no other skills, education, or opportunities for employment. Cocoa is their life source.
So, to make a decent living wage, the owners of the cocoa farms employ the same economics as the larger companies: sell the finished product at a price people are willing to pay, while paying as little as possible to produce it. This means that to turn the most profit - and I'm not talking major bank here, not fancy cars and diamond rings, just enough to feed their kids, and maybe send them to school - they need to pay their employees as little as possible.
It is estimated that 14,000 children (children!) are currently working for little or no pay in the cocoa farms of Ivory Coast. I read a true story today about an
11 year-old boy who wanted to help his family with their bills so he took a job that advertised $125 a year and a bike to work in a cocoa field. When he showed up for his first day of work, he was told he would be working in a different field - then shipped him hundreds of miles away, where his family couldn't find him. He slept in a concrete building crammed with other boys and fed very little. He worked from sun up to sun down (literally), and if he didn't work hard enough, he was beaten with a bicycle chain. He was never paid.
The cheapest labor the cocoa farmers can get -
stolen children. They are easy to get, easy to manipulate and control, and eat very little. They don't know their legal rights. If they get sick or die, they are cheaply replaced, so there is no need to take good care of them. Cocoa produced in these kind of farms is much cheaper than cocoa from a farm that pays adults a fair wage and provides decent working conditions. That means that
Hershey, Mars, and Nestle can buy it cheaper, make more profits, and sell it to you cheaper too. These three companies are aware of where their cocoa comes from. They know the conditions of the workers that grow and harvest their product. But they also know that consumers would rather not hear such horror stories and will eat their chocolate in ignorant bliss, while they continue to turn major profits.
There are chocolate companies that are certified fair trade (look for it on the label), which means they are audited by a third party organization and have shown that they pay all workers a fair wage, do not employ children, and provide safe working conditions. None of these things are all that special, it is the MINIMUM of what we would expect from an US company. They are a little more expensive than non-fair trade candies, $2-4 per bar, because their workers are all paid for their work.
So what it comes down to is,
what is chocolate worth to you? Is it worth $2? Is it worth the life of a child? Buying fair trade certified chocolate helps a worker make a decent wage so he can feed his family, send his children to school, and support the local economy. Buying chocolate from a company that knowingly supports child-enslavement sends the message to those companies that you don't care if they practice ethical business principles. It also sends a message to a child in West Africa that you value cheap chocolate more than their life.
How much is chocolate worth to you?